这些 / 那些 + Noun - Expressing "these / those…" with "zhè​xiē / nà xiē + Noun"
这些天，中国江西的天气不太好，太热了。

Phrase + 的 + Noun - Expressed to link a noun to a preceding phrase with "Phrase + de + Noun"
这些天，中国江西的天气不太好，太热了。
这几天没有下雨，现在湖里的水很少。

太 + Adj. (+ 了) - Expressing "too" to indicate excess with "tài + Adj. (+ le)"
这些天，中国江西的天气不太好，太热了。

Place + 有 + Object - Expressing the existence of an object in a certain place with "Place + yǒu + Object" (similar to "there is" or "there are")
那里有一个很大的湖

Measure Word - Expressing the number of sth with an object specific measure word in the form of "Number + Measure Word + Noun" (if the number is one, you can omit it and use the measure word by itself)
那里有一个很大的湖

Adj. + 的 (+ Noun) - Expressed to link an adjective describing a distinguishing feature to a noun with "Adj. + de (+ Noun)" (noun can be omitted when obvious or has already been mentioned)
那里有一个很大的湖

几 + 天 / 年 - Expressing "several / a few days or years" with "jǐ + tiān / nián" (天 and 年 act as their own measure words)
这几天没有下雨，现在湖里的水很少。

Subject + 没有 / 没 + Verb - Expressing negation of past actions with "Subject + méiyǒu / méi + Verb" (sb didn't do sth or sth didn't happen)
这几天没有下雨，现在湖里的水很少。

(在)...里 - Expressing "in / inside…" with "(zài)...lǐ"
这几天没有下雨，现在湖里的水很少。

Noun / Pronoun + 很 + Adj. - Expressing "very" or to link a noun or pronoun and an adjective with "Noun / Pronoun + hěn + Adj." (sometimes the 很 is translated as "very" but often it is a link between a noun and an adjective)
现在湖里的水很少。

Verb / Verb Phrase + 了 - Expressing that an action has been completed with "Verb / Verb Phrase + le"
8月21日，人们看了这个湖的照片

Noun + 们 - Expressing the plural form of a noun with "Noun + men"
8月21日，人们看了这个湖的照片

这 / 那 + Measure Word + Noun - Expressing "this… / that…" with "zhè / nà + Measure Word + Noun"
8月21日，人们看了这个湖的照片

Noun / Pronoun + 的 + Noun - Expressing a possessive particle with "Noun / Pronoun + de + Noun" (indicate a relationship of possessor / possession)
8月21日，人们看了这个湖的照片

Subject + 都 + Verb / Verb Phrase - Expressing "all / every" to emphasise the quantity with "Subject + 都 + Verb / Verb Phrase" (都 emphasises the quantity or frequent occurrence)
他们都说这个湖看起来像一棵大树。

A + 看起来 + 像 + Noun - Expressing "A looks / appears like B" with "A + kànqǐlái + xiàng + Noun" (specifically for comparing A to nouns)
他们都说这个湖看起来像一棵大树。